Snow falls often from November to April

Snow falls often from November to April. At Sofia it snows on a mean 42*2 days within the 12 months, at Philippopolis 14*eight, at Bourgas 12*eight

As regards moisture and clouds, Bulgaria is midway between the Mediterranean area and Central Europe. The typical density of cloud through the 12 months varies from 5 (at Philippopolis) to five*5 (at Gabrovo). The month of November is the cloudiest (7*9 at Sofia). August is the clearest (2*6 at Bourgas). The typical moisture varies from 70 per cent, (at Gabrovo) to 79p.c. (at Bourgas). It diminishes in summer time to 58p.c., and rises to 66p.c. in December. The atmospheric strain reaches its most in summer time at Philippopolis (13*three) and its minimal in January at Gabrovo (three*four).

VEGETATION

On this respect additionally Bulgaria holds a center place between the forests of Central Europe, the steppes of Russia, and the Mediterranean districts. The mountains are coated with forests much like these of Central Europe. Sure areas of the Danube remind one of many Russian steppes, and Southern Bulgaria produces crops belonging to the international locations of the south of Europe.

Bulgaria was previously, because the memoirs of assorted travellers testify, very wealthy in forests. Sadly an ideal a part of them have perished in consequence of reckless consumption and prospecting for minerals. What nonetheless stays is within the mountains at a distance from cities and the principal arteries of communication.

The forests of the plains are composed

The forests of the plains are composed mainly of oaks (quercus) of all species. Above 500 metres altitude is discovered the beech (Fagus silvatica), the most common and most essential tree of our mountains. In a large center zone, the oak and the beech develop collectively, the previous protecting the decrease slopes, the latter the higher slopes. The evergreen oak grows at altitudes exceeding 1,000 metres. Decrease down, with the oak and beech are mingled the hornbeam (Caprinus duincnsis), the elm (Alnus glutinosa) the aircraft (Acer pseudoplatanus) and others. Above the beech, within the Rhodopes, and in addition on the Rilo, lengthen often forests of conifers, with the fir (Abies pectinate and Picea excelsa), the pine (Pinus silvestris and Pinus laricio), the Juniperus nana. The beech has in a number of locations pushed out the conifers, which are actually not often to be discovered within the StaraPlanina and within the Ossogovo. Within the fields, in addition to on the slopes of the decrease hills, are discovered, as a substitute of forests, shrubs, brambles and thorns of all types. Essentially the most attribute are the groves of lilacs (Syringa vulgaris).

 

THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS AND THAT OF CHILDREN LIABLE TO PRIMARY INSTRUCTION

In accordance with the census of 1900, the entire variety of kids between the ages of six and twelve years was 670,375, of whom 338,205 have been boys and 332,170 ladies. It should be talked about right here that the course of main instruction is 4 years and never six years, because it was once earlier than X899. The youngsters, due to this fact, attend the first colleges not till the age of twelve, however till the age of ten. Alternatively, there are kids who solely start to attend college on the age of seven. Within the final place, an allowance should be made for the pupils who stay two years in the identical division.

Taking all this under consideration, it will likely be extra appropriate to put the typical interval of attendance at 5 years, or, in different phrases, to think about that solely kids between the ages of six and eleven are obliged to attend the first colleges. The variety of such kids is 554,568, of whom 279,540 are boys and 275,228 ladies. Of this quantity, as we now have seen, 340,668, particularly 220,620 boys and 120,048 ladies, have attended the first colleges through the yr 19031904. In order that, of the youngsters for whom the attendance of faculties is compulsory, 78 9 per cent, of the boys and 4364 per cent, of the women, or 6143 per cent, of the 2 sexes, have complied with the necessities of the legislation.

THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS AS COMPARED WITH THE TOTAL

POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPALITY

The comparative tables which we now have already given and people which we now suggest to offer will assist the forming of an thought of the extent to which main instruction is unfold over the nation. By adopting this methodology as regards Bulgaria, we arrive on the following conclusions for the yr 19031904^

Complete inhabitants of the Principality: three,744,283 inhabitants. Variety of pupils through the yr 19031904 : 340,668, or 91 pupils per 100 inhabitants. This proportion of 9*1 per cent, varies with the completely different nationalities. Thus, it’s :

9*9 per cent, for the Bulgarians (Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, Mahommedans).

eight zero          „              „              for          the         Turks.

68           „              „              for          the         Greeks.

134         „              „              for          the         Jews.

It seems from these figures that, as regards instruction in Bulgaria, the Jews occupy the primary place, and the Greeks the final. It is just truthful so as to add that, in actuality, the Jews stand even higher than is proven by these figures, a substantial proportion of younger Jews who attend the Bulgarian nationwide colleges not being included within the above statistical tables.

 

THE EXECUTIVE POWER AND THE ADMINISTRATION

The manager energy is entrusted to particular ministers, who’re positioned by the Prince on the head of the Authorities. One of the vital necessary duties of the ministers consists in taking the measures crucial for the precise utility of the legal guidelines which have been handed by the Nationwide Meeting and authorized by the Crown. The final conduct of the political and administrative affairs belongs to the Council of Ministers, performing below the supreme management of the Prince, who appoints amongst them a President of the Council.

There are in Bulgaria eight ministries, specifically :

1. The Ministry of Overseas Affairs and Religions. ^
2. The Ministry of the Inside.
3. The Ministry of Justices
4. The Ministry of Public Instruction.
5. The Ministry of Finance.
6. The Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture.
7. The Ministry of Public Works, Roads, and Communications.
8. The Ministry of Conflict.

Along with the powers which belong to the totally different ministers of their capability as heads of the varied Authorities departments, an necessary rdle is reserved by the Structure to the Council of Ministers within the following circumstances:

If, on the demise of the Prince, the throne stays  vacant owing to failure of heirs, the Council of Ministers assumes the reins of presidency and summons inside a interval of 1 month a Grand Nationwide Meeting to elect a brand new Prince.

2. The Council of Ministers is invested with supreme authority if the Prince dies with out having appointed regents. At any time when this happens, a Grand Nationwide Meeting have to be summoned inside a month’s time to nominate such regents.

Each official act should bear, along with the signature of the Prince, that of 1 minister or of all of the ministers, these latter being the accountable representatives of the chief authority.

The ministers are held accountable to the Prince and to the Nationwide Meeting for all their acts. This duty is collective for all of the ministers within the case of measures which have been determined by the Council of Ministers, and particular person with respect to the acts of the ministers as heads of the varied State departments.

The Structure makes a distinction between the political or parliamentary duty of the ministers and their civil and legal duty. Artwork. 153 of the Structure regulates the primary sort of duty, whereas artwork. 155 offers with their civil and legal duty. The ministers are held civilly or criminally accountable within the following circumstances :

(a)          Once they have acted treacherously in direction of the Prince or in direction of the nation; (6) once they have violated the Structure; (c) once they have dedicated the crime of excessive treason, or have injured the pursuits of the State or of personal people for his or her private profit.

The impeachment of the ministers is pronounced by the Nationwide Meeting, which additionally decides in all circumstances the place ministers in workplace are accused of frequent regulation crimes or misdemeanours.

The ministers accused are judged by a particular State Court docket, which consists of the councillors of the Supreme Appellate Court docket, and of as many judges chosen by lot among the many presidents of the Enchantment Courts and District Courts. The impeachment is entrusted by the Nationwide Meeting to one in every of its members, who has the title of State Prosecutor. The process which the State Court docket follows, in addition to the penalties which it might inflict on the responsible events, are laid down within the regulation of December 13th, 1880.

The frequent regulation misdemeanours which the ministers could have dedicated fall throughout the jurisdiction of the Excessive Court docket of Cassation if they’re nonetheless in workplace, and of the bizarre courts after they’ve resigned.

No minister who has been discovered responsible and condemned could also be pardoned or amnestied by the Prince with out the consent of the Nationwide Meeting.

 

No practicable street into Turkey

The Rhodopes, just like the Rilo, afford no practicable street into Turkey. The roads wind around the mountains, following on the east the course of the Maritza, and on the west the valley of the Strouma.

The Stara Planina crosses the entire district

The Stara Planina crosses the entire district from the river Timok to the Black Sea. Its size is 600 kilometres, its common width solely 30. Geological researches have proved that this mountain has been forjned by horizontal accumulations attributable to strain from the south.

Orographically and geologically, the StaraPlanina divides into three belts : the western, reaching to the Isker gorge, the central, so far as the Demir Kapia, and the jap, merging into the Black Coastline.

The western StaraPlanina is flanked north and south alongside its complete size by parallel strains of peaks. The northern slopes are most precipitous and imposing. The Midjur, its highest peak, reaches an altitude of two,165 metres. This area is troublesome of entry. The one two passes, the Sveti Nicolas (1,302 metres) and the Petrohan, are 1,438 metres above the ocean.

The central chain is likewise bounded by peaks on the north. The southern flank slopes steeply down and merges into the extent nation. From right here there’s a view of the very best peaks of the StaraPlanina. A number of summits rise to a peak of over 2,000 metres: the Ioumrouktchal is 2,372 metres. By a wierd distinction, it’s right here too that the most effective roads are to be discovered. Thus, the passes of Araba Konak and of Hain Boghaz are lower than 100 metres excessive. Different passes, although greater (1,300 to 1,700 m.) are nonetheless extra accessible, owing to the truth that the mountain is at these factors very slim, and the plain penetrates step by step proper into the center of the mountain. The chief go is the Shipka (1,260 m.).

The jap StaraPlanina is completely totally different. The bendings of Strata have right here been fairly superficial. Consequently excessive peaks and historical rocks of main formations are completely absent. The mountain consists of a number of chains divided, in consequence of the proximity of the ocean, not transversely however lengthways. Beneath these circumstances the district is just not simply accessible, although there are not any nice eminences.

The Stara Planina extends

Parallel to the Stara Planina extends, on the south, the SrednaGora. Like the previous chain, it sinks decrease in direction of the east. The Ichtiman mountain acts as a nucleus connecting the Rilo and the Rhodopes’, the SrednaGora and the Stara Planina : it separates the basins of the Isker and the Maritza. The valley of the Strema divides the SrednaGora into two distinct lots: the SrednaGora correct and the Karadja Dagh, or Roebuck mountain. The previous is lofty, thickly wooded, and picturesque. Its highest peak, the Nice Bogdan, is 1,574 metres excessive. The fertile plains of Zlatitza, Karlovo, Kazanlik (well-known for its attar of roses) and Sliven prolong between the StaraPlanina and the SrednaGora. The no much less fertile plain of the Maritza lies between the Rhodopes and the SrednaGora.

THE PRINCIPAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

The Principality of Bulgaria is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy, with a nationwide illustration. The legislative and govt authorities train the nationwide sovereignty within the title of the nation and throughout the limits prescribed by the basic legislation of the nation.

The legislative energy is vested within the Prince and within the Nationwide Meeting, performing collectively.

The chief prerogatives of the Crown are as follows :

Administrative Prerogative. The chief energy belongs to the Prince. All the executive organs act in his title and beneath his supreme management. In advantage of his prerogative, the prince appoints and dismisses the ministers and, by way of these latter, all of the civil and navy functionaries. He’s the supreme chief of the navy forces of the nation in time of peace, and their commanderinchief in time of struggle. He represents the nation in its worldwide relations and on the nationwide solemnities. All of the treaties with overseas States are concluded in his title and by authority of the Nationwide Meeting.

The individual of the Prince is sacred and inviolable.

The Prince has the title of Royal Highness.

(2) Legislative Prerogative.—Annually, from October 15th to December 15th, the Prince convokes the Nationwide Meeting in atypical session ; he summons it in extraordinary classes every time there are vital State issues requiring rapid determination. The Prince opens the session personally or by way of a delegate appointed advert hoc. The throne speech, which he pronounces on this event, comprises an announcement of the final situation of the nation’s affairs, and specifies the varied payments and propositions which the Authorities will undergo the approval of the Nationwide Meeting.

The closure of the annual parliamentary labours is accompanied by the identical ceremonial because the opening of the session. The Prince has the proper, after convoking the Meeting, to prorogue its session, however the prorogation could not lengthen past two months, and should not happen greater than as soon as in the middle of the identical session. He may dissolve the Meeting and order new elections. The train of the proper of dissolving the Nationwide Meeting is reserved for exceptionally grave instances, when the relations between the legislature, on the one hand,’and the Prince or the Authorities on the opposite, have turn into tremendously strained. On such events the settlement of the battle is left to the nation itself.

The direct energy of the Crgwn over the legislative exercise of the Meeting is appreciable. The Prince could, by way of his ministers, provoke payments and propositions. All of the legal guidelines which have been handed by the Meeting are promulgated within the title of the Prince, and turn into operative solely after they’ve been printed within the Official Journal. The royal approval of the brand new legal guidelines have to be given in the middle of the session which has handed them.

 

Bulgarian Nationwide Spirit

This meant a darkish age for the Bulgarian nationwide spirit, worse l.lian any suffered underneath the Greeks alone. Bulgarian books have been burned and Bulgarian as a language and literary medium was formally changed in church liturgy by Greek. The Bulgarian language was not even spoken in public any extra. As a substitute, Bulgarians spoke lurkish with the Turks and Greek with the Greeks.

The Nationwide Revival

On this darkish interval there appeared an unknown Bulgarian monk on the monastery of Mt. Athos. His title was Father Paisi. Embittered by the fast denationalization of the Bulgarians, he determined to put in writing the primary Bulgarian historical past with a purpose to recall the glories of Bulgaria s previous when Byzantium had recognized extreme defeat by the hands of Bulgarian kings. Father Paisi’s historical past begins with the phrases:

zero thou silly and fallen man, why artwork thou ashamed to name thyself a Bulgarian…

Father Paisi accomplished his Sloveno-Bulgarian historical past by hand in 1762. It was secretly copied by the few monks who might nonetheless learn and write in Bulgarian.

From this time ahead, the nationwide aspirations of Bulgarians pointed in two instructions: l)ehurch independence, and a pair of) political freedom. At first, the requests of the Bulgarians have been modest. First, they needed to have bishops who spoke the Bulgarian language. In a while, they requested Bulgarian bishops. Lastly, they set forth their requests for an impartial Bulgarian Church.

The Greek Orthodox Patriarchy rejected all Bulgarian requests, for they wished to keep up their management over the Bulgarian Church. The ruling hierarchy of the Ottoman empire didn’t impede the Bulgarian nationwide revival, which expressed itself within the space of faith. In actual fact, the Turks regarded favorably on the Bulgarian Church claims. In 1870, the Turks determined to acknowledge the legality of the Bulgarian request for an impartial nationwide Church, hoping to maintain Bulgaria in line politically by such a pleasant transfer. Thus, regardless of the opposition of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchy, the Bulgarian Exarchate was established in 1871 by a Bulgarian Nationwide Synod (council) convened for this goal in Constantinople. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchy instantly excommunicated the Bulgarian Exarchate, proclaiming it schismatic. This declaration of schism was not rescinded till 1945, when the breach was healed by mutual settlement.

Political liberation existed parallel with the Bulgarian nationwide

A revolutionary motion for political liberation existed parallel with the Bulgarian nationwide revival motion in church and cultural aifairs. It got here to be centered in Romania. The Ottoman empire was decaying and the Slavic peoples who had been subjugated by the Turks have been starting to rise. One such rebellion in Bulgaria was brutally crushed by the Turks in 1876. The Turks massacred your complete inhabitants of two mountain cities, Batak and Perushitsa, within the coronary heart of the world the place the rebellion had taken place. Over 1,000 individuals have been burnt alive in a church. Information of the “Bulgarian Massacres” precipitated England and Russia to intervene on a diplomatic stage. Each international locations have been eyeing the strategic Balkan Straits, which nearly guarantee the controlling energy dominance of the. japanese Mediterranean. On the convention desk, England and Russia succeeded in presenting a plan for the division of Bulgaria into an japanese and western half, every to be autonomus.